Vaginal Yeast Infections: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

Vaginal yeast infections are among the most common gynecological conditions women face at some point in their lives. Although not considered a sexually transmitted infection, it often causes discomfort, embarrassment, and disruption to daily life. Understanding its underlying causes, risk factors, symptoms, and treatment options is crucial for proper management and prevention.

What is a Vaginal Yeast Infection?

A vaginal yeast infection, medically known as vulvovaginal candidiasis, occurs when there is an overgrowth of Candida species—most commonly Candida albicans—in the vaginal flora. The vagina normally contains a balance of yeast, bacteria (especially Lactobacillus), and other microorganisms. When this balance is disrupted, Candida multiplies excessively, leading to infection.

Causes and Risk Factors

1. Antibiotic Use – Antibiotics can reduce protective vaginal bacteria, creating an environment for yeast to thrive.

2. Hormonal Changes – Pregnancy, menstrual cycles, or use of oral contraceptives can alter vaginal pH and immunity.

3. Weakened Immune System – Women with diabetes, HIV, or those undergoing chemotherapy are more prone to recurrent infections.

4. Tight or Non-Breathable Clothing – Moist, warm environments promote fungal growth.

5. Dietary Habits – Excessive sugar intake can fuel yeast overgrowth.

6. Sexual Activity – While not classified as an STI, sexual contact can sometimes trigger or worsen symptoms.

Common Symptoms

• Intense vaginal itching and irritation

• Thick, white, “cottage cheese-like” discharge

• Redness and swelling of the vulva

• Burning sensation during urination or intercourse

• Vaginal soreness or discomfort

Diagnosis

A gynecological examination and laboratory testing (such as a vaginal swab) confirm the presence of Candida species. This helps differentiate yeast infections from bacterial vaginosis or sexually transmitted infections, which can have similar symptoms.

Treatment Options

1. Antifungal Medications

   • Topical creams, suppositories, or oral antifungal pills (such as fluconazole) are standard treatment.

2. Lifestyle Adjustments

   • Wearing cotton underwear, avoiding scented hygiene products, and reducing refined sugars can prevent recurrence.

3. Probiotics

   • Supplements or probiotic-rich foods (like yogurt) may help restore healthy vaginal flora.

4. Recurrent Cases

   • Women experiencing four or more infections per year may require long-term antifungal therapy.

Possible Complications

Although usually mild, untreated yeast infections can lead to chronic discomfort, recurring infections, and a negative impact on sexual health and quality of life.

Prevention Strategies

• Maintain good intimate hygiene without using harsh soaps

• Avoid prolonged use of tight clothing

• Manage blood sugar levels in diabetic patients

• Support immunity through a balanced diet and healthy lifestyle